Krylov G. Single Flux Quantum Integrated Circuit Design 2022 torrent

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High efficiency, large scale, stationary computing systems – supercomputers and data centers – are becoming increasingly important due to the movement of data storage and processing onto remote cloud servers. This book is dedicated to a technology particularly appropriate for this application – superconductive electronics, in particular, rapid single flux quantum circuits. The primary purpose of this book is to introduce and systematize recent developments in superconductive electronics into a cohesive whole to support the further development of large scale computing systems.
Conventional semiconductor-based digital electronics, with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology as the primary example, has experienced meteoric growth over the past several decades. Large scale computing systems, enabled and driven by technology scaling, have transformed human society and our daily lives. Despite the huge resources and attention directed at this technology, the scaling of semiconductor technology is now approaching fundamental physical limitations, encouraging the development of novel beyond-CMOS emerging technologies to replace or supplement existing electronic systems. One rapidly growing application area for these beyond-CMOS circuits is high efficiency, large scale stationary computing—supercomputers and data centers. A technology particularly appropriate for this important application is superconductive electronics. Superconductive electronic circuits have existed for many decades; only recently, however, have the disadvantages of cryogenic cooling, required by these circuits, become less onerous as compared to the fabulous advantages of superconductive electronics in both performance and energy efficiency.
The primary intention of this book is to provide insight into the development of large scale digital superconductive circuits, with particular emphasis on single flux quantum (SFQ)—a type of superconductive digital logic family based on Josephson junctions. SFQ circuits have been known and used now for several decades. The fabrication capabilities of modern superconductive foundries currently approach a million logic gates per integrated circuit. The complexity of practical systems, however, does not currently exceed several thousand gates. This “design gap” exists primarily due to the lack of efficient computer aided design (CAD) tools, in particular algorithms and methodologies aware of the issues posed by the large scale integration of SFQ circuits. The two primary objectives of this book are therefore, first, to provide physical background and engineering intuition into the operation of small scale (device and gate level) superconductive circuits and, second, to introduce the many significant recent developments in this field enabling the large scale integration of superconductive systems